I think Satisfactory hits a few of these targets, if you haven't already tried it. The amount of resources is determined by a map that is not procedurally generated, so there is a hard cap to your resources per minute, though the resources never run out. So end game focuses more on playing efficiently rather than brute expansion.

Factorio but I can't expand infinitely

This can be done with an island map. You can download an infinite resources mod so your patches never run out.

Maybe Techtonica? It just came out on Gamepass. It's like Satisfactory but in a cave and you can't just build anywhere... honestly, it's just another factory game though.

You play Dyson Sphere Program yet? It'll scratch a lot of itches. Riftbreaker was pretty fun as well. A little meh at the higher levels though.

Check out SpaceChem, matches most of your bullet points. It's a level-based puzzle game like Opus Magnum though.

Shapez

It's a mobile game, but Sandship kinda checks all those boxes.

Nova Lands