Goodman claims that induction cannot be justified, as the observation of a given object at a specific point in time (t0) leads to the confirmation of contradicting hypotheses. To support his claim, he brings the following statements forward:

• Hypothesis 0: an object is green when it's observed at t0 (and afterwards stays green).
• Hypothesis 1: an object is grue when it's observed at t0 (meaning that it's green during observation, but afterwards will change its colour to red). If we now observe an object at t0, both H0 and H1 are supported, even though they exclude each other in their predictions about the future. So, he essentially says that we can't predict the future by observing the present.

However, I argue that that's exactly what Hume meant when he said that the sun rising tomorrow doesn't allow for any prediction about what will happen afterwards. It could be that the sun will rise blinking, fading, or not at all. So the only difference between Goodman and Hume's argument is that Goodman gives these predictions their own adjectives. To illustrate that, one could describe Hume's problem with sunrises in a Goodman way of giving the different hypotheses words:

• Hypothesis 0: the sun is a reliable object when it rises tomorrow (and will rise the next day).
• Hypothesis 1: the sun is an unreliable object when it rises tomorrow, but won't rise the next day. Now, observing the sun rising tomorrow will confirm the sun as a reliable and as an unreliable object at the same time. Therefore, Goodmans argument seems to me as a complicated way of explaining Hume.

That's why I don't consider Goodmans New Riddle of Induction as new, or am I missing something? And do you know, per chance, an article that argues in this way?

The idea is to search for the highest number, and then to create an 2d-Array, whose length equals the highest number. Afterwards all items of the unsorted array are placed in the sorted array into the place with the index that equals their number.

So every 0 is placed into the first array of the sorted array, every 2 is placed in the third array of the sorted array, every highest number is placed in the last array of the sorted array.

In the end an array that may look like this: [[0,0],[],[1],[],[2], [4,4,4]] will be compiled into an proper 1-d array (in this case: [0,0,1,2,4,4,4]).

Here's the python code:

import time
import numpy as np

start = time.time()

def proto_sort(arr):
    highest_value = 0
    for item in arr:
        if item > highest_value:
            highest_value = item
    sorted_arr = [[]] * (highest_value + 1)
    for num in arr:
        sorted_arr[num] = sorted_arr[num] + [num]

    output_arr = [None] * len(arr)
    num = 0
    for item in sorted_arr:
        for j in item:
            if j != None:
                output_arr[num] = j
                num += 1



# Example usage
arr = []
for i in range(100):
    arr.append(np.random.randint(0, 100))
sorted_arr = proto_sort(arr)
end = time.time()
print(end - start)

However at least in my tests, counting sort is always better (I just wanted to share the idea) (Edits for clarification)

Mein Studi-Deutschlandticket wurde (ohne das ich es bemerkt hatte) in den letzten Wochen einfach so auf eine Fahrkarte für Naldo heruntergestuft - zum Glück wusste der Schaffner Bescheid, dass dies ein häufiges Problem in den letzten zwei Wochen ist. Also eine kleine Warnung an alle, die vorhaben die Region zu verlassen, vorher nochmal nachzuschauen. Weiß jemand mehr?

Da erwartet uns ein spannendes Wochenende...

Gute Übersicht über die Wahlergebnisse und vor allem spannende Zusammenhänge kann man hier erkennen (wobei man sich vielleicht vor zu schnellen Schlüssen über Kausalitäten hüten sollte).

Damit hab ich nicht gerechnet...

Ich finde es so niederschlagend wie das Selbstbestimmungsrecht der Kurden durchgehend von den Nationalisten der Region verwehrt brutal verwehrt wird. Und auch wie wenig Aufmerksamkeit das Ganze bekommt, was denkt ihr? Geht es euch auch so?

I posted this report to highlight this often neglected conflict. It's important especially right now, when the Kurds are set to loose their right to self-determination again.