Oh my goodness you are in for a treat! Pourover coffee is in my opinion the best way to prepare a cup. Get yourself a v60, and the paper filters that go with it, watch a James Hoffman video on proper v60 technique, and enjoy. It should actually give a cleaner cup (less residue) than the French press.

It's simply, filter paper, coffee mug. With plastic cone thingy in between to hold the filter paper above the cup

It's the same as Debian really, it just looks more primitive.

It IS simple and awesome, and it can be cheap af. Got mine from a dollarstore 2 decades ago and I still love it more than any other coffee prep.

It's essentially a funnel with a flat base. I just cut the bottom of one of mine to be more flat and works just as well.

I have one of those for camping but never actually got to trynit

Look into V60 pourover or Aeropress in that case