Some classics:
- lactic acid buildup makes your muscles hurt after a workout
- blood that's returning to the heart and lungs is blue, blood that's leaving your heart to go do it's thing is red
- sugar makes kids hyper
All three of those things have been thoroughly debunked, and are demonstrably false, and yet we teach them all the time. Sometimes it's even SCIENCE TEACHERS that are repeating these things, and sometimes it's right in the textbook!