If anyone here uses iOS, here's a shortcut that removes metadata, which can be placed in the share sheet: https://www.icloud.com/shortcuts/3e2e51a1463744469a7dd5406732942a
There's also ExifTool, which can be run inside a-Shell and iSH; Metapho, which is a standalone paid app; and I believe ImgOnline has a tool as well.