Pretty sure I've had "click all bicycles", with a bicycle drawing on the road.

The first captcha they already knew the answer to. The second captcha was to build the database.

it would reject invalid answers

Not quite. When I used to care and kind of tried to distort the training data, I would always select one additional picture that did not contain the desired object, and my answer would usually be accepted. I.e. they were aware that the images weren't 100% lined up with the labels in their database, so they'd give some leeway to the users, letting them correct those potential mistakes and smooth out the data.

it won’t let me get past without clicking on the van

That's your assumption. Had you not clicked on the van, maybe it would've let you through anyway, it's not necessarily that strict. Or it would just give you a new captcha to solve. Either way, if your answer did not line up with what the system expected (your assumption being that they had already classified it as a bus) it would call attention to the image. So, they might send it over to a real human to check what it really is, or put it into some different combination with other vehicles to filter it out and reclassify.