I think you're using the word "framework" quite broadly here. Cloudflare and databases aren't "frameworks". The word is perhaps ill-defined, but generally it means something like "an opinionated library ecosystem in a programming language". React, Vue, and the like are Javascript "framework" libraries for making what are called Single Page Applications. They are hardly the only way to make websites, though, and some (including yours truly) believe them to much more trouble than they are worth for most purposes.

Laravel, Django, Ruby on Rails, etc. are all backend/server-side "framework" libraries for creating Multi-Page Applications, or in other words, the model for which the web was originally designed (that is, you get HTML and follow links embedded in that HTML to get to new pages).

At any rate, a "file system for a website" is quite vague. It really depends on what your goals are. You have to define what is you're trying to do and who it's for. It's not particularly difficult to spin up an sftp server to allow remote access to files if all you care about is remote copying, but I'm going to assume you mean a file server served over HTTP(S).

There's about a million tools out there for serving up static files, getting a directory listing, etc., and it really depends on your goals. It's fairly simple to configure nginx to serve up a directory with a very rudimentary index if you don't need anything fancy (nginx can do fancy too, ofc, just takes more work than what comes out of the box). I personally like Caddy over nginx these days, though. Caddy in particular requires very little configuration, honestly.

But yeah, without more information about what is is you're trying to accomplish, it's difficult to give specific recommendations.