Yes they do! For example, here's a single rule I have setup which moves all of the various emails from ecommerce sites into a dedicated folder so they don't clutter my inbox

On Outlook each of those line items within my "online shopping" rule would have to be an individual rule, making my outbook rules far more cluttered and difficult to maintain. Thunderbird also lets you do partial matches, so places like LinkedIn and Indeed who send emails from lots of different addresses can be covered on a single "from" line whereas Outlook would require a dedicated rule for each of those addresses and you'd have to keep creating rules as the sites keep spinning up new emails.

Thunderbird also has a surprisingly good junkmail algorithm in place. It requires some training by marking junk emails as junk and unmarking legitimate emails, but once its trained it works really well

Oh yeah it also does this awesome conversation threading now automatically, and honestly the overall views showing the big list of messages is super good with lots of useful info at a glance and far less digging through conversation history to find a specific email. Honestly I'd hazard to say Thunderbird has a better interface than Outlook now.