Aside: You don't ever need to apologise for your native language 😊
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Try running update-icon-caches as root and restarting GNOME.
Maybe this package isn't installed either, since I get some sort of error message: Usage: /usr/sbin/update-icon-caches directory [ ... ] I tried assigning some directory to it like this: sudo update-icon-caches /usr/share/icons But this didn't change anything either.
This is all what shows up. Heres my complete terminal output:
marty@MartyPC:~$ sudo update-icon-caches
[sudo] Passwort für marty:
Usage: /usr/sbin/update-icon-caches directory [ ... ]
marty@MartyPC:~$
Somehow it might be possible the adwaita-icon-theme package was removed and not reinstalled.
You could also try running dconf reset -f /org/gnome/ and rebooting to see if that helps.
That command screams for a backup 😬
Yikes. Something is missing. Is this Debian? You could swing by their forums or IRC and get sorted out fast. I'm sure there is a dpkg command that fixes this up. As for the icons, there is definitely a missing package related to adwaita or some lingering config file needs to be reset to defaults.
Pretty sure they meant you probably should've suggested a backup or given a heads-up of some sort before running the command you brought up, since one would presumably lose all settings previously stored in dconf and that's quite the extreme measure
For Gnome settings? I suppose you could backup everything. It isn't removing all dconf settings, just gnome, which is broken in this case.
Have you recently fixed another issue? Perhaps run out of disk space during an update?
Try running your file manager or something else that displays icons from the terminal, it may log error messages.

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