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Germany set to miss net zero by 2045 target as climate efforts falter (www.reuters.com)
submitted 2 years ago by to c/worldnews@lemmy.ml
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[–] 9 points 2 years ago (2 children)

Electricity could be used for heating (via heat pumps) if Germany had an abundance of clean electricity in the winter.

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  • [–] 14 points 2 years ago (2 children)

    We are trying to get more heat pumps installed, but people are still proud of getting a new gas furnace installed in 2023, thus avoiding a potential ban and betting on guaranteed dirt-cheap natural gas for another 20 years.

    But either way, nuclear power is history in Germany and it makes absolutely no sense to bring it back. We never had a lot of nuclear power to begin with and the few power plants that could maybe be reactivated with a ton of money and labor are just a drop in the bucket. Building new reactors takes decades from initial planning to going live and nuclear construction projects are notorious for immense cost overruns. Plus, there are only a few construction companies in the world that have the capabilities to build a nuclear reactor and they're already tied up in other projects. We would need dozens of new reactors built simultaneously and they would still be finished too late to contribute anything meaningful to a carbon-free electrical grid.

    At the same time, wind energy is a dirt cheap, proven technology that is much more easily deployed, scales really well, is decentralized and reliable. Yes, it can be intermittent but it's predictable (weather forecasts exist). And if we had invested a fraction of the R&D budget for nuclear fission and fusion into energy storage technology, it would be a complete non-issue. We have some work to do in that regard, but sodium ion batteries are pretty far in development and should be much cheaper. Iron redox flow and liquid metal batteries also have potential, maybe hydrogen. Demand response will also be a big factor. With flexible pricing during the day, both households and businesses can save a lot of money by using more energy whenever there's a lot of it and less when it's scarce.

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  • [–] 3 points 2 years ago* (1 child)

    maybe hydrogen

    Definitely hydrogen. We need, as in require, it for various things form steel smelting to chemical feedstock, either hydrolysed on-shore or brought in via ammonia tankers, in the country it's going to be transported via pipelines (part of the network already are getting switched over from natural gas... fun fact Germany's network started out as a hydrogen network), and those pipelines can store three months of total energy storage (not just electricity). That's not even including dedicated storage, that's just high operating pressure vs. low operating pressure. Fraunhofer thinks it's the best idea since bottled beer.

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  • [–] 1 point 2 years ago* (1 child)

    Oh yes, no argument there. We're already using absolutely huge amounts of hydrogen that are mostly made from fossil fuels right now. Worldwide hydrogen production is responsible for more greenhouse gas emissions than the entire country of Germany. We'll have to turn that into green hydrogen and use a ton of renewable energy for that. If we make use of surplus wind and solar, it will help a lot with stabilizing the grid.

    What I was thinking of was the idea of producing hydrogen through electrolysis, storing it and later turning it back into electricity through fuel cells. And I'm not sure if that will ever be cheaper and more efficient than newer and cheaper battery technologies like sodium ion or redox flow batteries.

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  • [–] 1 point 2 years ago*

    Cheaper for everyday (and everyseason) operation probably no, but it's still valuable backup capacity. Differently put you want to subsidise turning hydrogen into electricity just enough that it's there when you really need it, maybe a task for the network operators. It's already now the case that gas plants get bought by network operators because they can't run often enough to turn even half a profit but the network still needs them for stability, and turning natural gas plants into hydrogen plants is nearly trivial (need to exchange burner nozzles, basically, unless a complete idiot designed the plant).

    Now, 50 years down the line all those gas plants might be out of commission and we'll have fusion but in the mean time, yep there's going to be at least the capacity to turn hydrogen into electricity.

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  • [+] -6 points 2 years ago* (last edited 2 years ago) (1 child)

    Your second paragraph could be summed up as: we chose the destination years ago, so there's no point changing course.

    Will wind and solar will be sufficient to replace all the gas with heat pumps, and keep them running every day in the winter? I would also be hesitant to give up gas heat, without understanding where the replacement electricity will be coming from. "Demand response" means that the rich stay warm, while industry migrates to countries with better price stability... or continued CO₂ emission to avoid those outcomes.

    Perhaps in the end it doesn't really matter, since the transmission infrastructure for EU-wide renewables will also be useful for buying nuclear from the countries that are investing now.

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  • [–] 8 points 2 years ago (1 child)

    Your second paragraph could be summed up as: we chose the destination years ago, so there’s no point changing course.

    Which makes perfect sense when you consider that there's a deadline, we've gone a very long way in one direction and going all the way back to take another route would guarantee missing that deadline.

    It's like you're taking your ship from China to Rotterdam, you're past the Suez canal, in the Mediterranean and now you decide to turn around and go around Africa after all. It really would be idiotic.

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  • [–] -1 points 2 years ago (1 child)

    It’s like you’re taking your ship from China to Rotterdam, you’re past the Suez canal, in the Mediterranean and now you decide to turn around and go around Africa after all. It really would be idiotic.

    That decision wouldn't be idiotic if I actually wanted to go to Africa. It takes even longer to turn around from Rotterdam.

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  • [–] 1 point 2 years ago (1 child)

    In my example, 'Rotterdam' is supposed to be the ultimate destination, so it would be equivalent to 'carbon neutrality'. Changing the destination to 'Africa' would be the equivalent to just building nuclear power plants for the sake of it, regardless of whether they help us reach carbon neutrality.

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  • [–] 1 point 2 years ago (1 child)

    I think the ultimate destination should be carbon neutrality while maintaining a strong industrial base and high standard of living for everyone in the world. Humanity needs to engineer an energy surplus to undo the damage we've done, and when one of the richest countries is planning for "demand response", that doesn't really inspire much confidence.

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  • [–] 1 point 2 years ago

    Demand response just means making use of energy surplus. And we'll have lots of that during spring and summer in the northern hemisphere. Running carbon capture machines only when there's a surplus is a perfect example of demand response.

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  • [–] 6 points 2 years ago (1 child)

    Yes, it could and increasingly is. But that still doesn't make it true that the nuclear power was replaced by gas.

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  • [–] 3 points 2 years ago (3 children)

    You have to look back a few decades to see the whole picture. If we'd kept investing in nuclear technology since the 1980s, with a focus on passive safety and cost reduction, we'd never have needed all that gas in the first place.

    By "we", I mean the entire western world, not Germany specifically. The fossil fuel companies allegedly encouraged anti-nuclear sentiment during that era, and nobody had the organization and foresight to fight back, so we're all paying the price today.

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  • [–] 3 points 2 years ago (1 child)

    That doesn't make any sense. That's like, going to a mechanic and giving them a few million to start an auto business vs going to some random guy, and giving them billions to start an auto business. Sure, eventually it would work out, just by sheer volume of investment, but it's just not feasible. Otherwise governments and private industry would've just done it. That's like saying we should've had the foresight to invest in hydrogen powered cars. Why prioritise that when batteries are easier and cheaper?

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  • [–] -1 points 2 years ago (1 child)

    If your goal is reliable carbon-free power, it's not obvious that renewables will work out. We basically have to build these enormous continent-spanning machines in order to maintain uptime regardless of weather conditions.

    It might be possible in the US and Europe, large regions that will hopefully remain politically stable, but it's never been done before. By comparison, we have built reliable nuclear power plants. Is it really so obvious who is the mechanic and who is the random guy?

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  • [–] 4 points 2 years ago (1 child)

    It is, I've not seen a single academic study show otherwise. Not the west, nor China, have shown scepticism towards renewables. But there's plenty of that when it comes to the nuclear question. Just look at HPC and SWC in the UK. Companies won't touch it unless the UK government guarantees they make a profit. Not a long term profit. A profit before the project is completed. They want an advance. Then there's the US, over-budget and delayed. Finland, over-budget and delayed. France, over-budger and delayed. EDF prefer their renewables investments than their nuclear ones, mainly because half their nuclear plants are unreliable, and nobody wants to waste more money on them.

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  • [–] 2 points 2 years ago* (last edited 2 years ago) (1 child)

    I agree that building wind/solar is currently profitable and reduces emissions. Incremental progress is politically easy.

    I remain skeptical that following this strategy will ever eliminate fossil fuels, because people will turn to them whenever renewables are underperforming. They'll see the price uncertainty and stick with gas because it works. We won't demolish the power plants because they're still needed 10 days a year. The fossil infrastructure will keep on chugging, just at a reduced scale. We'll eliminate 80% of CO2, and continue to cook ourselves with the last 20%. It's human nature to lose interest when the problem gets hard. Look how long it's taking to deploy IPv6, and that's relatively easy.

    We should invest in the hard problem now, so fission can actually take us carbon-negative in 30 years. Maybe fusion will save the day, but that's a gamble, and it's really not that much better than Gen IV fission.

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  • [–] 2 points 2 years ago

    Fusion, has been a promise made by nuclear for decades, much like the car industry's promise of green fuels. In the meantime, the university of Stanford semi-regularly updates a paper showing a transition to 100% for the world. It's made possible now, particularly with the innovations done by renewables companies improving efficiency in production, recycling, and AI made available for demand prediction. And we have been investing in nuclear, for many decades. A small kickstart in the renewables industry has built a giant global realistic renewables push. Everyone's happy with renewables. Governments, energy companies, insurance companies. Nuclear will remain a promise and a giant drain on resources.

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  • [–] 1 point 2 years ago*

    I don't really know why you are trying to start a discussion with me because I never argued against any of that. You are right, we could be a lot farther if we had done a lot of things earlier. And it sucks that we aren't. All of that doesn't change that the comment I replied to was factually wrong. We could have replaced gas (or coal*) with electricity by using electricity based heating. We did not replace nuclear power with gas.

    Edit: * I wrote coal, I meant oil.

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