I’m not sure I understand why people like Rust over C, although I don’t have that much experience in enterprise coding.

I'd actually say that Rust is more popular in open-source projects. The reason people like it is because it's WAY safer than C or C++ while being literally just as fast if not faster. I'm still in the process of learning it though so I can't speak to your other points.

It is worth mentioning that the White House recommends Rust over C/C++ due to its very notable safety advantage over classic languages.