https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5809830

For starters: Australia requires all unauthorized asylum seekers, whether arriving by boat or overstaying visas, to be detained, often without a fixed time limit, in onshore or offshore facilities. Average detention has been over 500 days; some cases extend to years. Facilities on Nauru and Manus have drawn international condemnatio, including UN findings of "inhumane" conditions, rights violations, and long-term psychological harm, especially for children. Reports document abuse, selfharm, sexual violence, deaths, and restricted access to basic services and legal recourse.